[注意]英语作文

seuzl · 发表于 1970-1-1 08:00:00

应用文类作文 　　1．几种主要信函的写法 　　英文书信主要分为事务书信和个人书信两种，前者是单位与单位之间或个人与单位之间来往的信件，后者是亲朋好友之间的来往信件。事务书信包括申请信、推荐信、求职信、订购信等等；个人书信包括慰问信、祝贺信、道歉信以及一般的个人信等等。在格式和语体方面，事务书信比较正规，而个人书信则比较随便。在这部分中，我们结合信函的实用程度和考研作文对篇幅的一般要求选取了五种我们认为有可能成为考研作文命题对象的信函。 　　⑴ 求职信 　　求职信是用来向某一单位求取一份工作的信函，它属于广义的申请信的一种。之所以将求职信与其他类型的申请信分开来写，是因为其目前应用的普遍性和重要性，因此希望考生给予足够的重视。 　　写求职信时，要注意以下几点： 　　首先，措辞要礼貌，对求职单位要加以一定的褒扬，并表示对该单位的向往之情，希望能到该单位工作。 　　第二，简洁、明了、具体地说明自己的能力和条件。因为求职信通常是跟简历一起寄给用人单位的，所以在信中提到自己的能力和条件时，不是要简单重复简历中已有的内容，而是要用简洁、明了、具体的语言提出自己特别突出的或者可能引起用人单位特别的注意的能力和条件。 　　第三，对于要求取的工作岗位，要特别写明，给用人单位一个考虑选择的机会。 　　第四，要突出招聘者的利益，不要一味强调自己的需要和期望。 　　求职信一般分为三个部分来写，至于分成几段，没有严格的要求。第一部分说明从哪里得到的关于这份工作的信息，又或者写信人只是投求职信碰碰运气。 　　第二部分主要是推销自己，表达自己对应聘职位的兴趣以及介绍自己的最突出的能力和条件。如果求职者对应聘职位没有太多的了解，可以特别表达一向愿意接受新挑战的愿望，并强调一下自己在适应新环境、处理人际关系方面的能力。 　　最后一部分当然是表达一下希望，例如希望能得到面试的机会。 　　下面给出一封齐头式的求职信，省略了信头和信内地址，从称呼开始。 　　Dear Sir or Madam: 　　I am writing in response to the advertisement you placed in the Sunday paper for a sales manager in your company. Your company has a reputation for producing high-quality products like Mandolin network system. I am interested in joining such a professional organization. 　　As you can see from the enclosed resume, my previous work in an export company has provided me with lots of opportunities to contact all kinds of customers and suppliers home and abroad. By communicating with them, I have got very familiar with the international trade and the current market. Besides, my educational training at university concentrated also on international trade which equipped me with a solid foundation in sales and trade. 　　As such, I believe that my service could be of great benefit to your company in terms of customer relation and new business connections. 　　I hope to have an opportunity to meet your human resource manager in order to let you know more about me. I enclose a resume and could be available for an interview at your convenience. Looking forward to hearing from you and thank you for your consideration. 　　Sincerely yours, 　　J.S. Wu 　　⑵ 其他申请信 　　当一个人想得到某种机会或某些东西，如申请得到奖学金、求学、申请出国签证等，往往通过申请信来请求。 　　写申请信的时候一般应注意以下几点： 　　首先，语气要诚挚友好，措辞要严谨，千万不要表现出强求的意思。 　　第二，对于申请的内容和原因一定要写得非常清楚，不能含糊。 　　第三，尽管不能表现出强求的意思，但是期望得到的心情一定要表达出来。 　　申请信如何分段，也没有严格的规定，其内容一般应包括以下几个部分：明确是在写申请；申请的具体内容和缘由；自己的情况和条件；提出要求，如回信、面试等等。每一部分都要做到清晰、简明。 　　对于不同的申请内容，在介绍自己情况的时候也要有不同的侧重。例如在求学信中，应比较侧重介绍自己已有的学位及专业情况；在申请留学经济资助的信中，应着重介绍自己的学业及学术水平，因为国外很多学校颁发奖学金是以此为标准的。 　　以下是两封申请信，第一封是求学信，另一封是申请留学资助的，第一封信用的是齐头式，第二封信用的是缩进式，信头和信内地址都已省略。 　　Dear Sir or Madam: 　　I am writing to apply for admission to your university to pursue my M.S. degree. I have read the annual prospectus issued by your university and found that it has the best graduate program of chemistry. I am greatly interested in the program. 　　I graduated in 1997 from Beijing University, majoring in Chemistry and holding a B. S. degree. At university, I took many fundamental courses in Chemistry and my English is excellent as I had served as the head of English Association for two years. Since then I have been teaching Chemistry in Beijing Normal University. Through my teaching experience, I have not only deepened my understanding in this field, but mastered many complicated research skills as well. 　　Two of my former professors and the present dean of our department have kindly written letters of recommendation for me, as enclosed with this letter. 　　Could you please send me the necessary forms and any information about financial aid in your program? 　　Thank you very much. I look forward to hearing from you soon. 　　Sincerely yours, 　　Fan Wei 　　Dear Sir or Madam: 　　I wish to apply for admission to your department as a graduate student. I am writing to ask whether it will be possible for you to grant me a full scholarship, considering my academic record and the fact that I have no relatives or friends in America who can act as my sponsor. 　　I completed a four-year course in chemistry at Beijing University last June. During my four years in the university, I have passed all the required courses of study with satisfactory marks. With Chemistry as my major, I minored in Physics and Mathematics. Enclosed herewith is my transcript from the department concerned. 　　My English is very good. I have been learning English since early childhood with the help of my father who is a professor of English in Fudan University, Shanghai. I therefore believe that I will not have language difficulties while studying in the United States. 　　I should be most grateful if you would give my request favorable consideration. Thank you very much and look forward to your reply. 　　Sincerely yours, 　　Wu Li 　　最后列举一些写申请信常用的表达法，供考生参考： 　　I am writing to you because I wish to … 　　I am writing to ask whether you could send me some information about your college and the application forms … 　　I am a graduate from …，I am very interested in … 　　Please send me all relevant information concerning the program you offer. 　　I should be most grateful to you if you would send me … 　　I would appreciate very much if you could send me … 　　Thank you for your consideration and I look forward to your favorable reply. 　　Enclosed in this letter please find three letters of recommendation and a certified copy of my transcript

seuzl · 发表于 2006-1-10 23:39:06

⑶ 推荐信 　　推荐信是求职或者求学所需要的材料。写推荐信的人一般是有身份、有地位的人士，而且必须对申请者比较了解。最好是申请者原单位的领导或资历较深的同事，或者是学校里的教授、本专业的专家等等。 　　写推荐信应该注意以下几点： 　　首先，推荐人在写信前应该详细了解聘方或学校的要求、工作性质、专业特点等有关情况，有针对性地介绍并推荐申请者。 　　第二，推荐信要多写优点，充分肯定成绩，语气要积极、热情。但为了客观起见，也可适当提一下申请者的不足之处，但一定要说明这种不足之处是可以通过学习和锻炼得到克服的。 　　第三，推荐信的篇幅不宜过长，但也不能三言两语敷衍了事，一般以250到350字为宜。 　　第四，推荐信的称呼一般用To whom it may concern或者Dear sir or Madam。而且推荐信通常由推荐人直接寄给用人单位或学校。 　　推荐信一般分成三段到四段，主要包括三个方面的内容：推荐人与被推荐人之间的关系；被推荐者的能力、品质和优点，在这部分至少应该写两个优点，但最多不要超过四个，而且如果能够用具体的例子来证明，效果会更好；建议录取被推荐者。 　　下面是一封推荐信： 　　To whom it may concern: 　　I sincerely recommend Ms. Zhang Chen to participate in your program and researching group. I am a department manager in Guangyou Trade Company and Ms. Zhang had been worked in my department for nearly three years. 　　As her direct supervisor, I have a good understanding in her working ability. She was very careful and sensitive to figures. Her monthly statistics and report forms were always the best of the company. And as I knew more about her, I found that she was very much interested in accounting. So I provided her with the opportunity to work with the experienced accountant in our company so that she would be able to learn from him. 　　What I appreciate most is her diligence and the ability to learn quickly. By self-study, she passed the exam of accountant qualification. I must admit that it was not an easy task, but she managed it through hard work. Since she had already had a deep understanding in this area, I asked her to be responsible for the computerization of the accounting system in our company. It was within my expectation that she accomplished it successfully. 　　And now, as she has determined that she would choose accounting as her life career, I would like to lend my full support in her effort. Therefore, I strongly recommend you to accept Ms. Zhang in your program. I believe that thanks to all her virtues, she would make herself a good student in your prestigious program and make a good contribution to it. And I really hope that I will have the opportunity to cooperate with her again after she got the MACC degree. 　　Thank you very much! 　　Yours sincerely, 　　Li Tong 　　Department Manager of Guangyou Trade Company 　　最后列举几个写推荐信常用的表达法，供考生参考： 　　I proudly introduce … to your attention. 　　I am certain that … will build a bright career with your instruction. 　　I would safely say that … will be excellent with your program. 　　I have no doubt that … will make a strong candidate for your program. 　　… is surely the right person for your program. ⑷ 邀请信 　　邀请信分为两种：一种属于个人信函，例如邀请某人共进晚餐、参加宴会、观看电影、出席典礼等。另一种邀请信则属于事务信函，一般是邀请参加会议、学术活动等等。 　　第一种邀请信邀请的对象一般是朋友、熟人，所以内容格式上的要求都比较松，可以写得随便一些。只要表明邀请的意图，说明活动的内容、时间、地点等等。但既然是邀请信，那么就一定要在信中表达非常希望对方能够参加或者出席的愿望。这种邀请信的篇幅可以非常短，下面以一封邀请看电影的短信为例： 　　Dear Jane, 　　We have four tickets for a famous film shown at Guangming Cinema, The Longest Day, Friday, the ninth. Will you join us? We’ll be looking for you at eight sharp Friday night in front of the cinema, so don’t disappoint us! 　　Warmest regards. 　　Alice 　　第二种邀请信一般由会议或学术活动的组委会的某一个负责人来写，以组委会的名义发出，而且被邀请者通常也是属于比较有威望的人士。因此，这类邀请信的措辞要相对正式一些，语气要热情有礼。 　　这一类邀请信通常要包括以下内容：首先表明邀请对方参加的意图以及会议或学术活动的名称、时间、地点；然后要对被邀请者的威望和学术水平等表示推崇和赞赏，表明如果被邀请者能够接受邀请，会给会议或者活动带来很好的影响；接着要说明会议或活动的相关事宜，最好是能引起对方兴趣的事宜；当然不能忘了表达希望对方能够参加的诚意；最后还要请收信人对发出的邀请做出反馈，如确认接受邀请。 　　下面是一封邀请对方参加学术会议的信函： 　　Dear Professor Wang, 　　On behalf of the Ohio State University and the IEEE Computer Society, I would be very pleased to invite you to attend and chair a session of the forthcoming 2004 International Conference on Parallel Data Processing to be held in Bellaire, Michigan, from October 25 to October 28, 2004. 　　You are an internationally acclaimed scholar and educator. Your participation will be among the highlights of the Conference. 　　We sincerely hope that you could accept our invitation. As you know, this is the 10th anniversary of the Conference and we plan to make it a truly international meeting. We have accepted many papers from several foreign countries, including two from China. 　　If you can come, please let us know as soon as possible, since we have to prepare the final program soon. We are looking forward to your acceptance. 　　Sincerely yours, 　　Peter White 　　无论是收到哪种邀请信都要复信，明确表示接受与否。而且无论接受与否都要对邀请者表示感谢。接受邀请的回信一般包含以下内容：首先感谢对方的邀请，并重述邀请信中的主要内容；然后愉快地表示接受邀请，并简要说明自己的打算；最后表示期待赴会和与对方见面的心情。 　　下面是一封接受邀请的信，与上面第一封邀请信相对应： 　　Dear Alice, 　　Thank you very much for your invitation. It will be great pleasure for me to join you on Friday for the wonderful film. I will arrive at the cinema before eight. I look forward to meeting you on Friday. 　　Thank you for thinking of me. 　　Yours, 　　Jane 　　谢绝邀请的回信一般包含以下几方面的内容：首先还是要对对方的邀请表示感谢；然后具体说明自己无法接受邀请的原因，并对无法出席表示遗憾；最后表达自己的祝愿，即祝愿自己未能参加的会议或者活动能够顺利进行。 　　下面是一封谢绝邀请的信，与上面的第二封邀请信相对应： 　　Dear Professor White, 　　Many thanks for your letter dated 15th August, inviting me to attend and chair a session of the forthcoming 2004 International Conference on Parallel Data Processing to be held in Bellaire, Michigan, from October 25 to 28, 2004. 　　Much to my regret, I shall not be able to honor the invitation because I have been suffering from a disease since this summer. I am firmly advised that it would be unwise to undertake any distant and long travel in the near future. 　　I feel very sad to miss the opportunity of meeting you and many others in the field of Computer Science. I wish the conference a complete success. 　　Faithfully yours, 　　Wang Xuan

seuzl · 发表于 2006-1-10 23:39:45

⑸ 感谢信 　　感谢信属于个人信函，是用来对馈赠礼物或曾经得到某人的关怀、照顾表示感谢，在西方国家用得比较普遍。感谢信在格式上没有很严格的要求，主要是要写得真挚，表达诚挚的感激之情，不能给人一种草率的印象。 　　由于感谢的对象、原因和内容不同，感谢信的内容也会有所区别。例如，对朋友赠送礼物表示感谢的信，一定要提到所赠的礼物以及自己对礼物的喜爱之情；又如因为曾在对方家里小住而写的感谢信，一定要提到在对方家里居住时候的感受。但是，无论如何，一封感谢信通常都包括感谢的原因、内容以及诚挚的感激知情。 　　下面给出两封简短的感谢信，一封是对朋友赠送礼物表示感谢，另一封是在对方家里小住过一段时间，离开后表达感谢的信。 　　Dear Sandy, 　　When you left a package for me yesterday, I had difficulty waiting until my birthday to open it. 　　I don’t know how to thank you for such an attractive present. It is something that will give me pleasure for a long time to come. 　　Please accept my sincere thanks and best wishes. 　　Cordially, 　　Susan 　　Dear Professor Anthony, 　　Thank you for a delightful stay. 　　Your home is lovely, your meals delectable, and I enjoyed the fun and companionship. I am still thinking about it and enjoying it in retrospect. 　　Many thanks again for your warm hospitality. 　　Cordially, 　　Tom 　　⑹ 咨询信 　　咨询信指的是用于了解信息、资料和情况等等的信件。写咨询信要注意以下几个问题： 　　第一，从措辞上来讲，一定要有礼貌，要比较客气地说清楚你想了解什么或者有什么要求。 　　第二，所提的问题一定要具体、明确，不能含糊其辞，否则会让对方感到无从回答。 　　第三，如果同时有好几个问题需要对方回答，可以考虑分段写；如果问题比较简单，则无需分段，但一定要将每个问题分别写清楚。 　　第四，一定要记得在信中向对方表示感谢。 　　写咨询信的时候，一般分三个部分来写。首先说明自己的情况，写咨询信的目的；第二步讲明自己要咨询的问题，要简洁明晰；在新的结尾要向对方表示感谢。此外，记得要注明联系地址与电话，以便对方答复。 　　下面是一封咨询信的范例： 　　To: London Woolen Products 　　From: Angel Clothes Store 　　As we plan our Fall inventory, we are again in market to buy woolens. We are principally interested in the traditional sweater and would like to request a sample. 　　Please also send information on any other knitwear that your company produces and a current price list. 　　If you plan to take part in the Beijing Trade Fair at the end of this month, please inform us of your stand number so that we can contact you at that time. Please note our new address and telephone number. 　　Thank you in advance for your attention. 　　Sincerely, 　　…… 　　⑺订购信 　　订购信一般用于订购某种货物或机票、车票，属于事务信件。在书写订购信的时候，最重要的是要清新明白地说明所要订购的对象的数量、价格、规格等等，如果是机票、车票等，则须说明出发地、目的地、出发时间等。此外，写明你自己的名字、地址、邮编，以及你期望的送货方式等也是非常重要的。要避免写冗长的句子，因为此类信函以传达信息为主，所以能让对方明白你的意图是最重要的。 　　下面是一封订购飞机票的信函： 　　Dear Sir or Madam: 　　I am on an urgent mission and want to get to Hong Kong as soon as possible. Please reserve for me a seat in the plane leaving Guangzhou for Hong Kong at 8 a.m. tomorrow. A seat by the window in the economic section is preferred. I shall be very grateful if you would deliver the ticket to Room 418 of the Baiyun Hotel where I am staying. 　　If there is no seat available at 8 a.m. tomorrow, please inform me as soon as possible, so that I can change a flight. 　　Thank you very much! 　　Yours faithfully, 　　Steve Brown 　　⑻ 投诉信 　　投诉信一般是针对质量低劣的产品或者服务，其送寄对象应该是对方主管部门的负责人。写投诉信的目的是为了让对方同情你的遭遇或者碰到的问题，继而给出你所期望的解决方法。因此，写这类信件最重要的一点是要实事求是，一定要遵守“简明、公正”的原则，切勿夸大其词，引起对方的反感。 　　投诉信中应该包含的内容有：你所投诉的问题；该问题给你造成的不良后果；与投诉有关的重要依据，如商品简要说明、购买日期地点等；你所希望的解决方法和最后结果。此外，还可以向对方建议解决问题的最后日期，并表示对所投诉问题的妥善解决充满信心。 　　投诉信一般可分为三段：第一段说明信的主要意思，即提出要解决的问题，以及解决问题的重要性；第二段可以解释一下详细的情况，提出与投诉有关的重要依据；最后一段一般是提建议，说出你所期望的解决方法。 　　以下是一封样信： 　　Dear Sir, 　　Enclosed is one sample of the envelopes which your delivery truck left in our office yesterday. We wish, however, to exchange them for the correct size, or obtain a refund. 　　When our supply secretary selected and purchased official envelopes in your store last week on December 12, she asked that size L be sent to our office. The size we received is small, and of course it does not serve our needs. The sales receipt is #3968, dated December 12, written by salesclerk #189. 　　Please send us the correct size L envelopes in exactly the same style and color, or if this is not available now, cash refund of $ 50.50. Thank you very much. 　　Sincerely yours, 　　以上是八种我们认为有可能考到的信函类型，当然也有可能在考试中出现不在其列的信函类型，但是相信考生可以根据我们所给的这些讲解和示例推出一定的规律来应对。需要指出的是，为了给大家一个比较完整的内容和结构上的示例，以上的样信在字数上并不都符合100词的要求。但各位考生在考试时一定不能忽略字数上的要求，因为这也是判分点之一。结构和格式尽可以参考以上的样文，字数上还请考生自行把握。 2.简历 　　简历即个人履历，它是个人经历的书面表达式。简历是针对自己想要谋求的学习机会或工作机会，把自己所具备的资格经历简要地列举出来，以达到推销自己的目的。简历不同于自传，它并不要求将所有的经历列出，而是列出主要的、与所申请的学习或工作机会相关的经验、业绩、能力等。 　　写英文简历的主要目的是为了要争取到面试的机会，所以必须考虑到招聘单位和学校的立场，要做到事实求是、简明扼要、语言规范、格式正确。写简历的时候，要注意以下几个问题： 　　首先，要有针对性。要围绕要申请的职位和学位来列举自己的经历、资格以及技能，尽量表现出自己的长处，表明自己非常适合这份工作。 　　第二，要力求简明，篇幅最多不超过两页。 　　第三，版面设计要清晰简洁，不需要做得很繁杂花哨。 　　第四，经历要完整，在时间上尽量不要留空缺。 　　简历属于目录式的书面报告，内容应包括以下几项： 　　⑴ 个人资料 　　个人资料一项主要包括姓名、地址、电话。至于性别、出生日期、婚姻状况、业余爱好等等并不是必须要写的内容。中文姓名用英语表达时用汉语拼音，可以写成：Cheng，Huang，姓在前，名在后，用逗号隔开，如Cheng，Jun（或不用逗号即Cheng Jun）；姓的字母全部大写，如CHENG Jun；三个字的名字，后面两个字的汉语拼音连在一起，第二个字的第一个字母大写，其余都小写，如Cheng Xiajun。 　　⑵ 应聘职位 　　一般的英文简历，都要注明应聘职位。 　　⑶ 教育背景 　　教育背景即学历，要依照从近到远的顺序来列，即从最高学历开始倒叙。如果学位较高，如学士、硕士和博士，就不需要写出中小学的学历来。在这一部分中，要写出每个学历所代表的学业的起止时间；在读学校、系别和专业；获得学位的种类。 　　⑷ 工作经历 　　写工作经历也要遵循从近到远的顺序，一般是从目前的工作开始写。要写明每一份工作的服务时间；职位；工作单位；主要职责等。工作经历除了全职工作之外，还包括兼职工作、实习等。 　　⑸ 社会活动 　　社会活动通常指在校期间的课外活动，主要指参加过什么文体活动或担任过何种组织的职务。对于没有什么工作经历的刚毕业的学生来说，社会活动是一个很重要的竞争因素。这部分也要写明每项活动的时间、所担任的职务和主要职责。 　　⑹ 资格证书 　　资格证书是指通过考试或评审所获得的各种任职或证明某政能力的证书，例如英语六级证书。 　　⑺ 科研成果 　　科研成果包括发表的论文、出版的专著和译著和专利等。要列明论文、专著或译著的名称；发表或出版的时间；报刊杂志或出版社的名称；专利项目及获得时间。 　　⑻ 荣誉和奖项 　　荣誉和奖项是指在读书期间和工作期间获得的各种奖励和荣誉，例如奖学金。这一部分要列明奖项的名称和获得时间。 　　⑼ 证明人 　　证明人一般列在简历的最后，以增加可信度。通常可作为证明人的有：学校里的任课老师和同学、单位的领导和同事。也可不列出具体的证明人，但必须说明Reference will be available upon request. 　　除了以上列出的九项基本内容之外，还可以根据需要增加一些内容，例如相关技能等；当然如果上述基本内容中有几项不符合实际情况也可以省略，例如没有发表论文或出版书籍的就不需要列科研成果这一项。对于以上各种内容在简历中的顺序安排并没有严格的规定，一般来说只要包括以上的主要内容，每个人可以根据自己的习惯来排列顺序。 　　下面给出一份简历，供大家参考简历的格式： 　　Jack Black 　　Objective MACC program, fall,2004 　　Education 1996–2000 Fudan University of Finance and Economics § B.A., Accounting1993-1996 Shanghai No. 5 Middle School 　　Standard Test CET 6 Passed TEM 4 Passed 　　Related Qualifications Strong team spiritStrong ability to analyze and solve problems independentlySense of responsibility 　　Social Activities 1996-2000 Publicity Section of the Department of International Trade§ Member 　　Work Experience 2000.5-2003.2 Jingjiang Trade Corporation § Accountant § Designed a set of statistical report forms which was very practical and widely used in the company§ Dealt with daily fiscal report forms 　　Awards 1997-1998 The Third Class Scholarship of Fudan University of Finance and Economics 　　Personal Information Telephone: 010-62548902 Email: absent1@ sina.comAddress: 305 Zhong Guan Cun Science Bldg. 15 Zhong Guan Cun Rd. Beijing, 100081, P. R. C. References Available upon request. 三.便笺 　　从本质上来讲，便笺也属于英文信函的一种，应被包括在广义的英文信函之中。我们之所以将其单列出来讲，是为了区别于一般的英文信函。作为一种简单的书信，便笺经常用于熟识的朋友、同事之间，因而临时性强，内容简短，格式简便。 　　从格式上来讲，便笺的称呼和结尾谦称部分是比较随意的，可以直接写上对方以及自己的名字，省略类似于Mr., Dear, Sincerely yours等的礼貌用语。日期的写法也相对来说比较随意，写星期几或者月日都是可以接受的，同时还可以写上几点钟等具体时间。 　　便笺的内容一般是涉及请假、预约、通知、访友不遇留言、接电话留言等等，接下来我们就请假条和约会条作一个简单介绍，其他类型的便笺考生可以根据我们介绍的这两种便笺来举一反三。

seuzl · 发表于 2006-1-10 23:40:01

1．请假条 　　请假条可以由别人代写，也可以由请假人自己写。无论采取何种形式，其内容必须包括请假的缘由和期限，必要时还须附上医生的诊断或其他的可以证明请假事由的书面材料。根据请假事由的不同，可将请假条分为事假条和病假条。下面给出三个以请假为内容的便笺，前两个为病假条，一个是请假者自己写的，另一个是由别人代写的；第三个为事假条。 　　例一： 　　To Dean’s Office 　　Dear Mr. Black: 　　I am terribly sorry to inform you that I am unable to go to school today owing to a severe headache. I enclose a certificate from the doctor who is attending on me, as she fears it will be two days before I shall be able to resume my study. Could you kindly excuse my absence on Monday and Tuesday? Thanks. 　　Peter 　　Monday 　　例二： 　　Miss Boffin, 　　Please excuse Tom’s absence from school this morning. He caught a bad cold and had a high fever last night and could not fall asleep until midnight. I felt it would not be fair to the other children to allow her to attend school. So I am writing to ask you for three day’s sick leave and will let her resume her study if she feels better. 　　Yours sincerely, 　　Steven 　　例三： 　　Mr. Zhang, 　　I have just received a telegram saying that my father is seriously ill and urging me to go home at once. Because of this I would like to have a leave of two days beginning on August 26. I hope that my request will be given due consideration. 　　Wang Ming 　　August 25 　　Encl: A telegram from my home 　　2．约会条 　　约会条主要用于邀朋友相聚等，内容上必须包含约会的事由，如果已经定了时间和地点，则应将具体的时间地点写在便笺上。 　　例： 　　Andy, 　　Fred is now with us. He is going to New York tomorrow morning to pursue his graduate study and we will not be able to see him for a long time. We are having a dinner party at 7 p.m. this evening at my home. It would be nice if you could come over and see him. 　　Michael 　　四．备忘录 　　备忘录其实也是广义的信函中的一种，主要用于公司内部对公司的职员、部分通报信息，如会议安排、情况报告、问题处理等等。在英语中称之为interoffice memorandum，其复数为memoranda，简称memo。除了可以采用书面形式之外，备忘录也可以通过e-mail 发出。 　　备忘录的一般格式如下： 　　MEMORANDUM 　　To: 　　From: 　　Date: 　　Subject: 　　Body 　　其中To项是收笺人，在其姓名前可以加上Mr., Mrs., Dr.等，在其姓名后可加上职位和部门。From项是发笺人，其姓名前一般不加尊称，但姓名后同样可加上职位和部门。Subject即内容主题，一般用简短的几个字做简略陈述，不需要是一个完整的句子，几个词或词组即可。 　　Body即内容是备忘录的主要部分，写作应力求简明、确切。首先应直入主题，列出最重要的信息，然后可以具体说明事由、情况，提出意见和建议等，最后可以根据具体情况或重申主题或表示意愿或感谢。 　　需要指出的是，在备忘录的末尾不需要签名。但是，如果备忘录还发给了收笺人以外的其他人，须在末尾cc: 之后写上其姓名。请看下面的示例： 　　Microsoft, Inc. 　　Interoffice Memorandum 　　To: Peter Clark, Rachel White 　　From: Linda Larson 　　Date: September 16, 2004 　　Subject: Scheduling the project meeting 　　As you know, we are having the project meeting next week in the projection room. Since the room holds only fifty people comfortably without overcrowding. I suggest we hold the meeting to the forty-one people in the Assembly Section on Thursday at 2:00 p.m. and to the remaining forty-three from the other sections on Friday at the same time. 　　If there’s any problem about this arrangement, please let me know. 写作能力冲刺 　　3．达尔文发现了有机自然发展的法则。马克思发现了人类历史发展的法则。 　　第一步，明确要表达的意思。这里有两层中文意思，两者之间从结构和功能上来看，有比较明显的对应关系，都是“某人发现了…的法则”。依照前文的叙述，可以用一个并列结构将这两层意思并入一个英语句子。 　　第二步，安排语序。这个句子的语序也很明了，两个并列分句分别以“达尔文”和“马克思”作主语，谓语都是“发现”，宾语都是“法则”。类比并列可以用一个just as来连接，即“正如达尔文发现了…一样，马克思发现了…”可以初步构架为：Just as Darwin discovered…, Marx discovered… 　　第三步，局部润饰。这个句子的修饰语并不复杂，两个并列分句的吧宾语区分别有一个修饰语来修饰“法则”，而两个修饰语中又分别有个中心词“发展”。关键是修饰语以及修饰语中的小修饰语怎么来写，是用前置定语，还是后置的介词短语，或者是从句。显然，在这里写从句是没有必要的，但是如果用前置定语又显得修饰语过长。所以，可以选择用后置的介词短语。两个宾语区可分别表达为：the law of development of organic nature和the law of development of human history。 　　最后成句，Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, Marx discovered the law of development of human history. 　　4．繁荣昌盛总带有担忧和灾难。逆境总带有安慰和希望。 　　第一步，明确要表达的意思。这里还是有两层中文意思，而且结构和内容上有明显的对应关系，可用并列结构合成一句话。 　　第二步，安排语序。两个并列分句分别以“繁荣昌盛”和“逆境”为主语，以“带有”为谓语，以“担忧和灾难”和“安慰和希望”为宾语。并列句之间可以用分号来连接，也可以用一个连接词，例如while或者and，来连接。 　　第三步，局部润饰和修改。这句话从中文来看就很对称，很工整，所以合成一个英语句子，当然要更加突出其工整和紧凑。从选词上看，两个主语可以选一对意思相反但形式对仗的名词prosperity和adversity；谓语可以用相同的表达法，例如is always with；宾语各用一对名词，之间用and连接就可以了。句子可以写为：Prosperity is always with many fears and distastes; and adversity is always with comforts and hopes. 意思是表达清楚了，但是看起来语势不够强。前文提到过，双重否定可以起到加强语气的作用。因此，如果将is always with改为is not without，可以起强调作用。 　　最后成句，prosperity is not without many fears and distastes; and adversity is not without comforts and hopes. 　　7．科学家、工程师和高级职员们习惯于挣高工资。他们享有中上层社会地位。他们发现自己已经找不到工作了。 　　第一步，明确所要表达的意思。虽然从表面上看起来这里有三层中文意思，但是不难发现，三层意思所描写的是同一个对象，是“科学家、工程师和高级职员们”。所以，完全可以用并列结构或者复合句结构将这三层意思写在一个句子里。 　　第二步，安排语序。这句话的主语就是“科学家、工程师和高级职员们”，三层意思当然可以用三个并列分句来表达，可以用一个转折关系。那么可以表达为“科学家、工程师和高级职员们习惯于挣高工资，享有中上层社会地位，但是他们发现自己已经找不到工作了”。但是，这样一个表达法虽然表达出来了中文意思，但是显得非常平淡。如果把其中的几层意思用一个定语从句来表达，整个句子就会更有层次感，更加紧凑。因此，可以将“习惯于挣高工资”和“享有中上层社会地位”用一个定语从句来表达作为主语的修饰语；谓语是“发现”，宾语区表达“自己已经找不到工作了”的意思。 　　第三步，局部润色和修改。根据上面的构思，主语区的中心词即为scientists, engineers, and executives。后面跟一个定语从句来作修饰语，其中的“习惯于”可以选用一个介词短语be accustomed to，为了结构的紧凑“享有”这个意思也可以一并用这个短语来表达，即习惯于高工资和中上层社会地位的科学家、工程师和高级职员们。整个主语区就写为：scientists, 　　engineers and executives who had been accustomed to high incomes and upper middle class status。谓语用动词find即可，宾语区可以用一个从句即that they were difficult to find jobs。那么整句话可以写为：Scientists, engineers and executives who had been accustomed to high incomes and upper middle class status have found that they were difficult to find jobs。句子写成这样，应该说已经可以了，但为了精益求精，我们发现宾语区还可以再精练一点。因为find这个词有一种方法，即find sb.＋分词或形容词，宾语区可以紧缩为themselves unemployed。 　　最后成句，Scientists, engineers, and executives who had been accustomed to high incomes and upper-middle class status have found themselves unemployed。 　　10．研究表明，超过百分之八十的那些确实想把烟戒掉的人都无法成功。即便是通过特殊的医疗手段也没有用。 　　第一步，明确要表达的思想。上述两层意思描述的都是戒烟，因此可以通过从句或者短语等修饰语，将它们放在一句话里面。 　　第二步，安排语序。这句话的大主语是“研究”，谓语是“表明”，主句非常简单，难点在从句。从句的主语就是“人”，“超过百分之八十的”和“想把烟戒掉的”都是主语的修饰语，放在主语区就可以。至于两个修饰语之间的语序，由于“想把烟戒掉的”肯定要用一个从句来表达，放在主语中心词的后面，因此不成问题。谓语是“无法成功”，用fail to do so即可，比较简单。至于“即便是通过特殊的医疗手段”可以用从句或短语的形式放在句末。 　　第三步，局部润色和修改。这句话的主句很简单，用Studies have shown…就可以了。从句的主语区比较复杂，主要是两个修饰语的写法，超过百分之八十用一个表示比率的前置定语即可，即more than eighty percent of the people。“那些确实想把烟戒掉的”就要用定语从句了，可以说who really want to stop smoking。然后最后加上一个表让步意思的短语，即even through special clinics。那么初步可以写出这样一个句子：Studies have shown that more than eighty percent of the people who really want to stop smoking fail to do so, even through special clinics。 　　这个句子本来已经写得不错了，但为了让它显得更加漂亮，还可以在局部再下一点功夫。例如，定语从句“确实想把烟戒掉的”部分可以更加生动一点，中间用一个短语表达“真正经过努力想要戒烟的”这样一个意思，即who make sincere efforts to stop smoking。 　　52．总的来说，得出这样一个结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比的另一个孩子的态度相同；他也没有因缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。 　　译文：On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed. 　　（原文中两个only if引导的从句显然使整个句子变得很复杂，可是由于有并列连词but和and，整句话的逻辑关系十分清楚：…能够得出结论…但是只要…而且只要…。从上面的译文我们可以看出，为了使中文表达更加清楚，but only if...and only if...被首先提纲挚领地先来了个介绍：但是必须具备两个条件……，这种做法给我们的感觉是译文中没有从句，有的只是一些不同的分句。） 　　53．你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，而且从某种意义上来说，他们依靠这种方法力求从自然界归纳出某些自然规律，然后根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论。" 　　译文：You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories. 　　72．但是如果机器人要进入应用于节省劳力的下一个阶段，它们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行，并且至少能够独立地作一些决定——这些目标给我们提出了一个真正的挑战。 　　译文：But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves--goals that -- a real challenge. 　　80．从整体来说，虽然铁路工业有耀眼的资产，但它的收入仍然不足以支付为满足不断增长的运输需要而进行的固定资产投资。 　　译文：The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic.   英语辞职信样本 Terminating Engagement T Robert Bush, Sales Manager 　　From: Bob Wang, Sales Development 　　Date: May 6, 2002 　　Subject: Terminating Engagement 　　 Mr. Bush, I have worked in the Sales Development as a salesman for six years, and I have been satisfied with this position. 　　 However, a friend of mine introduced me to ABC Company, and I have decided to accept the post that will give me greater possibilities for promotion and an increase in my salary. I therefore write this memo as formal notice to terminate(终止) my engagement with you one month from today's date. 　   布什先生，作为一名销售人员在销售部我已经工作达6年之久，我非常满意这份工作。 然而，我的一个朋友介绍我到ABC公司工作，我已经决定接受这份可能给我带来提升和加薪的工作。所以我写了这份备忘录正式的通知你我将在至今日的一个月后终止

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